Powerplant
BMW 801
The BMW 801 was a powerful German air-cooled 14-cylinder-radial aircraft engine built by BMW and used in a number of German Luftwaffe aircraft of World War II. Production versions of the twin-row engine generated between 1,560 and 2,000 PS (1,540-1,970 hp, or 1,150-1,470 kW). It was the most produced radial engine of Germany in World War II with more than 28,000 built.
FW190 A5 BMW801 Engine startup
Design and development
Precursor design
In the 1930s, BMW took out a license to build the Pratt & Whitney Hornet engines. By the mid-30s they had introduced an improved version, the BMW 132. The BMW 132 was widely used, most notably on the Junkers Ju 52, which it powered for much of that design's lifetime.In 1935 the RLM funded prototypes of two much larger radial designs, one from Bramo, the Bramo 329, and another from BMW, the BMW 139. BMW's design used many components from the BMW 132 to create a two-row engine with 14 cylinders, (66) supplying 1,550 PS (1,529 hp, 1,140 kW). After BMW bought Bramo in 1939 both projects were merged into the BMW 801, learning from the problems encountered in both projects.
The BMW 139 was originally intended to be used in roles similar to those of the other German radials, namely bombers and transport aircraft, but mid-way through the program the Focke-Wulf firm's chief designer, Kurt Tank suggested it for use in the Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter project. Radial engines were rare in European designs as they were considered to have too large a frontal area for good streamlining and would not be suitable for high speed aircraft. However, radials were often used in American combat aircraft — the first prototype of the Vought F4U Corsair naval fighter being the first American single-engined fighter to achieve a 400 mph (640 km/h) airspeed as early as October 1940 (67) with its powerful Double Wasp eighteen-cylinder radial, only some four litres (240 cu. in.) larger in displacement than the 801 — and particularly with the military aircraft of Nazi Germany's Axis partner Japan, as its own warplanes for both IJA and IJN service at the end of the 1930s were almost exclusively powered by radials for both services. The ongoing improvements in the cowling designs for radial engines were reducing the concerns about drag. Tank felt that attention to detail could result in a streamlined radial that would not suffer undue drag, and would be competitive with inlines. The main concern was providing cooling air over the cylinder heads, which generally required a very large opening at the front of the aircraft. Tank's solution for the BMW 139 was to use an engine-driven fan behind an oversized prop-spinner, blowing air past the engine cylinders, with some of it being drawn through S-shaped ducts over a radiator for oil cooling. However this system proved almost impossible to operate properly with the BMW 139; early prototypes of the Fw 190 demonstrated terrible cooling problems. Although the problems appeared to be fixable, since the engine was already fairly dated in terms of design, in 1938 BMW proposed an entirely new engine designed specifically for fan-cooling that could be brought to production quickly.
801 emerges
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| BMW 801 engine, BMW Museum, Munich, Germany (2013) |
There was a considerable amount of wind tunnel work done on the engine and BMW-designed forward cowling (incorporating the engine's oil cooler) at the Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt (LFA) facility in Völkenrode, leading to the conclusion it was possible to reduce drag equivalent to 150–200 hp (110–150 kW; 150–200 PS). (69) It also maximized the use of positive air pressure to aid cooling of cylinders, heads, and other internal parts. (70)
801A and 801B
The first BMW 801A's ran in April 1939, only six months after starting work on the design, with production commencing in 1940. (71) The 801B was to be identical to the 801A except turning the airscrew in the opposite direction (counterclockwise, as seen from behind the engine) using a different gearbox. The A and B models were intended to be used in pairs on twin-engine designs, cancelling out net torque and making the plane easier to handle. There is no evidence the 801B ever left the prototype stage. The BMW 801A/B engines delivered 1,560 PS (1,539 hp, 1,147 kW) for takeoff. Major applications of the 801A/L engines include multiple variants of the Junkers Ju 88 and Dornier Do 217.
801C and 801L
The BMW 801C was developed for use in single- or multi-engined fighters and included a new hydraulic prop control and various changes intended to improve cooling, including cooling "gills" on the cowling behind the engine in place of the original slots. The 801C was almost exclusively used in early variants of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190A. The BMW 801L was an A model with the hydraulic prop control mechanism introduced with the 801C engine. The C and L models delivered the same power as the original A model.
The 801C was replaced with the BMW 801 D-2 series engines in early 1942, which ran on C2/C3 100 octane fuel instead of the A/B/C/L's B4 87 octane, boosting takeoff power to 1,700 PS (1,677 hp, 1,250 kW). The BMW 801G-2 and H-2 models were D-2 engines modified for use in bomber roles with lower gear ratios for driving larger propellers, clockwise and counterclockwise respectively. As with the 801B engine design, however, the 801H-2 engine did not leave the prototype stage.
801D-2 and 801G-2
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| BMW 801 D2 at the Flugmuseum Aviaticum, Austria (2007) |
The D-2 models were tested with a system for injecting a 50-50 water-methanol mixture known as MW50 into the supercharger output to cool the charge, and thereby reduce back pressure. Some performance was gained, but at the cost of engine service life. Other boost systems using fuel for charge cooling, known as C3-injection, were developed and used until 1944. The serious fuel shortage in 1944 forced re-evaluating the MW50 system which was then installed instead of the C3- injection. With MW50 boosting takeoff power increased to 2,000 PS (1,470 kW), the C3-injection was initially only permitted for low altitude use and raised take-off power to 1870 PS. Later C3-injection systems were permitted for low-to-medium altitude use and raised take-off power to more than 1900 PS.
Supercharger development
With the engine being used in higher-altitude fighter roles, a number of attempts were made to address the limited performance of the original supercharger. The BMW 801E was a modification of the D-2 using different gear ratios that tuned the supercharger for higher altitudes. Although takeoff power was unaffected, cruise power increased over 100 hp (75 kW) and "high power" modes for climb and combat were likewise improved by up to 150 hp (110 kW). The E model was also used as the basis for the BMW 801R, which included a much more complex and powerful two-stage four-speed supercharger, as well as die cast hydronalium-alloy cylinder heads, strengthened crankshaft and pistons, and chromed cylinders and exhaust valves; it was anticipated this version would produce over 2,000 hp (1,500 kW; 2,000 PS) (or over 2,600 hp (1,900 kW; 2,600 PS) with MW 50 methanol-water injection). (72)
In spite of these improvements, the E model was not widely used. Instead, continued improvements to the basic E model led to the BMW 801F, which dramatically improved performance across the board, with takeoff power increasing to 2,400 hp (1,790 kW). It was planned to use the F on all late-model Fw 190's, but the war ended before production started.
Importance of continued development
Not long after V-E Day, the investigations of the Fedden Mission into German aircraft engine development during the war years would reveal that the BMW firm had needed to undertake different levels of development priority for not only the fourteen-cylinder production 801 radial, but also the eighteen-cylinder BMW 802 (with a displacement figure close to that of the Duplex-Cyclone) and liquid-cooled, Wasp Major-sized BMW 803 radial engines. In mid-June of 1945, Sir Roy Fedden's team spoke to Dr. Bruno Bruckmann, head of BMW's piston and jet engine development departments, and learned that the priorities for the trio of aforementioned BMW radial engines was: firstly, the 801 was to be developed "up to its limits", with the 802's design completion and prototype construction as a secondary issue, with the complex 803 four-row radial only receiving attention to its design-development. (73)
Turbocharger development
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| A surviving Ju 88R-1 night fighter with Kraftei unitized-installation BMW 801 engines. Royal Air Force Museum London (2007) |
The turbocharger was fitted to the top rear of the engine at a 30° forward tilt, and had hollow turbine blades. (72)
Not many of these engines ever entered production due to high costs, and the various high-altitude designs based on them were forced to turn to other engines, typically the Junkers Jumo 213.
Surviving and operational examples.
A sizable number of BMW 801s exist in museums, some on display by themselves, with some 20 of them associated with surviving examples of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190s that they powered in World War II. The first original Fw 190 to be restored to flight condition in the 21st century - the Fw 190A-5 discovered near St. Petersburg, Russia in 1989, bearing Werknummer 1227 and formerly serving with JG 54, was restored to flight condition along with its original BMW 801 powerplant, and in 2011 was once again airworthy, powered with its BMW 801 in Seattle, Washington USA.
There is an 801-ML (801L) on display mounted in a Dornier 217 nacelle, essentially a complete surviving Motoranlage unitized powerplant, at the New England Air Museum, Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, CT. (75) Likewise, the Ju 88R-1 night fighter at the Royal Air Force Museum London (see photo above) also has unitized BMW 801 radials installed.
Description
The 801 was a radial engine with two rows of seven cylinders.The cylinders had both bore and stroke of 156 millimetres (6.1 in), giving a total capacity of 41.8 litres (2,550 cu in), just a bit less than the American Wright Cyclone 14 twin-row radial of some 1,600 to 1,900 hp output. The unit (including mounts) weighed from 1,010 to 1,250 kg and was about 1.29 m (51 in) across, depending on the model.
The BMW 801 was cooled by forced air from a magnesium alloy cooling fan, 10 bladed in the initial models, but 12 bladed in most engines. The fan rotated at 1.72 times the crankshaft speed (3.17 times the propeller speed). (76) Air from the fan was blown into the center of the engine in front of the propeller gearing housing, and the shape of the housing and the engine itself carried the air to the outside of the cowling and across the cylinders. A set of slots or gills at the rear of the cowling allowed the hot air to escape. This provided effective cooling although at the cost of about 70 PS (69 hp, 51.5 kW) required to drive the fan when the aircraft was at low speed. Above 170 miles per hour (270 km/h), the fan absorbed little power directly as the vacuum effect of the airflow past the air exits provided the needed flow. (76)
The 801 used a relatively complex system, integral to the BMW-designed, matching forward cowling system, to cool the motor oil. A ring-shaped oil cooler core was built into the BMW-provided forward cowl, just behind the fan. The outer portion of the oil cooler's core was in contact with the main cowling's sheetmetal, to possibly act as a heat sink. Comprising the BMW-designed forward cowl, in front of the oil cooler was a ring of metal with a C-shaped cross-section, with the outer lip lying just outside the rim of the cowl, and the inner side on the inside of the oil cooler core. Together, the metal ring and cowling formed an S-shaped airflow path, with the oil cooler's core contained between them. Airflow past the gap between the cowl and outer lip of the metal ring produced a vacuum effect that pulled air from the front of the engine outward and forward within the cowl's front most inner area just behind the fan, flowing forward across the oil cooler core in a separate airflow path from the rearwards-direction flow that cooled the engine's cylinders, just to provide cooling for the 801's motor oil. The rate of cooling airflow over the core could be controlled by moving the metal ring slightly forward or aft in order to open or close the gap. (77)
The reasons for this complex system were threefold. One was to eliminate any extra aerodynamic drag that a protruding oil cooler would produce, in this case eliminating the extra drag factor by enclosing it within the engine's forward cowling. The second was to warm the air before it flowed to the oil cooler's circular-shaped core to aid warming the oil during starting. Finally, by placing the oil cooler behind the fan, cooling was provided even while the aircraft was parked. The downside to this design was that the oil cooler was in an extremely vulnerable location, and the metal ring was increasingly armoured as the war progressed.
Engine mounting formats
The design of the BMW 801's cowling was key to its proper cooling, which BMW designed and built themselves and supplied with the engine. The design evolved throughout the war, including an extension to the engine mounts that allowed for larger cooling gills. This factory-supplied cowling also improved the simplicity of engine replacement in the field in more completely "unitizing" a BMW 801 radial engine, with as many of its auxiliary systems as possible being simultaneously replaceable with the engine itself, as opposed to opening or removing a "separate" cowling attached to the fuselage of the aircraft.
Engines were typically delivered from BMW complete in their cowling, ready to be bolted to the front of the aircraft or nacelle, since 1942 as Motoranlage (M) and 1944/1945 asTriebwerksanlage (T). The Motoranlage was the original form of the interchangeable Kraftei, or "power-egg", unitized powerplant installation concept used in many German wartime aircraft. It was most often used with twin and multi-engined designs, with some need for external add-ons. The more comprehensive Triebwerksanlage format for unitization consolidated more of the engine's required accessory systems beyond what the earlier Motoranlage concept could, plus some external mountings, such as an integrally complete exhaust system (including a turbocharger, if fitted as part of the design), as a completely interchangeable unit. Both M and T formats were also used with various inline engines, like the Daimler-Benz DB 603 used for both the inline-engined versions of the Do 217 and the enormous Bv 238 flying boat, and the Junkers Jumo 213 powerplants used for later marks of the Ju 88 multirole aircraft.
The M and T unitized engine formats added secondary designator suffixes, which especially for the 801 radial (and perhaps others), did not always match the letter suffix that designated the bare radial engine used for a particular unitized installation, confusing the naming of the 801 series considerably. These suffix designators initially referred to these complete kits and their "bare" engine counterparts almost interchangeably. The A, B and L models were known (logically) as Motoranlage style MA, MB and ML engines in this form, but the common D-2 was instead known as the MG. As the war wore on the confusion increased, the E model was delivered as the Triebwerksanlage style TG or TH, seemingly suggesting a relation to the G and H engines, but in fact those were delivered as the TL and TP. It is rather common to see the turbocharged versions referred to only with the T for the more completely unitized Triebwerksanlage installations, notably the (most notoriously of all) TJ for the BMW 801J turbocharged radial subtype, and the TQ models, further confusing the issue.
Variants
BMW 801 A, C, L (B)
1,560 PS (1,539 hp, 1,147 kW)
BMW 801 D-2, Q-2, G-2, (H-2)
1,700 PS (1,677 hp, 1,250 kW)
BMW 801 E, S
2,000 PS (1,973 hp, 1,471 kW)
BMW 801 F
2,400 PS (2,367 hp, 1,765 kW), development halted by the end of the war
Specifications (BMW 801 C) (13)
General characteristics
• Type: 14-cylinder supercharged two-row air-cooled radial engine
• Bore: 156 mm (6.15 in)
• Stroke: 156 mm (6.15 in)
• Displacement: 41.8 litres (2,560 in³)
• Length: 2,006 mm (79 in)
• Diameter: 1,290 mm (51 in)
• Dry weight: 1,012 kg (2,226 lb)
Components
• Valvetrain: One intake and one sodium-cooled exhaust valve per cylinder
• Supercharger: Gear-driven single-stage two-speed
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| BMW 801D on display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford |
• Cooling system: Air-cooled, with oil cooler integrated into forward cowl
Performance
• Power output: 1,560 PS (1,539 hp, 1,147 kW) at 2,700 rpm for takeoff at sea level
• Specific power: 27.44 kW/L (0.60 hp/in³)
• Compression ratio: 6.5:1
• Specific fuel consumption: 0.308 kg/(kW·h) (0.506 lb/(hp·h))
• Power-to-weight ratio: 1.13 kW/kg (0.69 hp/lb
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| Cut from a BMW 801 A |
Survivors and modern builds/reproductions
Some 28 original Fw 190s are in museums or in the hands of private collectors around the world.
In 1997, a German company, Flug Werk GmbH, began manufacturing new Fw 190 models as reproductions. By 2012 almost 20 had been produced, most flyable, a few as static display models, with airworthy examples usually powered by Chinese-manufactured Shvetsov ASh-82 twin-row, 14-cylinder radial powerplants, (79) which have a displacement of 41.2 litres, close to the BMW 801's 41.8 litres, with the same engine cylinder arrangement and number of cylinders.
The nearly intact wreck of an Fw 190 A-5 / U3 (Werknummer 151227) that had crashed in a marsh in a forest near Saint Petersburg, Russia in 1943 was located in 1989. (80) After restoration in the US, the Fw 190 flew again (with the original BMW 801 powerplant) on 1 December 2010. (81) Following the successful test flight, the aircraft was then trucked up to the Flying Heritage Collection, where it was reassembled in April 2011 and returned to airworthy condition. (82)
At least five surviving Fw 190A radial-engined aircraft are known to have been assigned to the Luftwaffe's JG 5 wing in Herdla, Norway. More German fighter aircraft on display in museums in the 21st century have originated from this unit than from any other Axis Powers’ military aviation unit of World War II.
Turkish Air Force retired all of its FW190 A-3 fleet at the end of 1947 mostly because of lack of spare parts and biliteral agreements. These aircrafts are wrapped and preserved under the soil near Aviation Supply and Maintenance Center at Kayseri city. Several attemps have been made to move these aircraft to museums, none of them have been successful as of now. (83)
Specifications (Fw 190 A-8) (84)
General characteristics
• Crew: 1
• Length: 9.00 m (29 ft 5 in)
• Wingspan: 10.51 m (34 ft 5 in)
• Height: 3.95 m (12 ft 12 in)
• Wing area: 18.30 m² (196.99 ft²)
• Empty weight: 3,200 kg (7,060 lb)
• Loaded weight: 4,417 kg (9,735 lb)
• Max. takeoff weight: 4,900 kg (10,800 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 × BMW 801 D-2 radial engine, 1,250 kW (1,700 PS, 1,677 hp)
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| An Fw 190 A-8 (W-Nr:733682) at the Imperial War Museum showing faired-over gun ports and a belly-mounted ETC-501 bomb rack. |
• Maximum speed: 656 km/h (408 mph) at 19,420 ft (5,920 m)
• Range: 800 km (500 mi)
• Service ceiling: 11,410 m (37,430 ft)
• Rate of climb: 15 m/s (2,953 ft/min)
• Wing loading: 241 kg/m² (49.4 lb/ft²)
• Power/mass: 0.29-0.33 kW/kg (0.18-0.21 hp/lb)
Armament
• Guns:
• 2 × 13 mm (.51 in) synchronized MG 131 machine guns with 475 rpg
• 4 × 20 mm MG 151/20 E cannon with 250 rpg, synchronized in the wing roots and 140 rpg free-firing outboard in mid-wing mounts.
Specifications (Fw 190 D-9) (84)
General characteristics
• Crew: 1
• Length: 10.20 m (33 ft 5½ in)
• Wingspan: 10.50 m (34 ft 5 in)
• Height: 3.35 m (11 ft 0 in)
• Wing area: 18.30 m² (196.99 ft²)
• Empty weight: 3,490 kg (7,694 lb)
• Loaded weight: 4,270 kg (9,413 lb)
• Max. takeoff weight: 4,840 kg (10,670 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 × Junkers Jumo 213A 12-cylinder inverted-Vee piston engine, 1,287 kW (1,750 PS, 1,726 hp) or 1,508 kW (2,050 PS, 2,022 hp) with boost (model 213E)
Performance
• Maximum speed: 685 km/h (426 mph) at 6,600 m (21,655 ft), 710 km/h (440 mph) at 11,000 m (36,000 ft)
• Range: 835 km (519 mi)
• Service ceiling: 12,000 m (39,370 ft)
• Rate of climb: 17 m/s (3,300 ft/min)
• Wing loading: 233 kg/m² (47.7 lb/ft²)
• Power/mass: 0.30–0.35 kW/kg (0.18–0.22 hp/lb)
Armament
• Guns: (all synchronized to fire through propeller arc)
• 2 × 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns with 475 rpg
• 2 × 20 mm MG 151 cannons with 250 rpg in the wing root
• Bombs: 1 × 500 kg (1,102 lb) SC 500 bomb (optional)
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