 |
|
MG 15 in left beam mounting inside a Ju
52, and above it storage brackets for 12 MG 15 magazines, with one magazine
mounted.
|
Guns
MG 15
he MG 15 was a German 7.92 mm machine gun designed
specifically as a hand manipulated defensive gun for combat aircraft during the
early 1930s. By 1941 it was replaced by other types and found new uses with
ground troops.
History
The MG 15 was developed from the MG 30 which was designed by
Rheinmetall using the locking system invented by Louis Stange in the mid to
late 1920s. Though it shares the MG 15 designation with the earlier gun built
by Bergmann, the MG 15nA (for neuer Art, meaning new model having been modified
from an earlier design) has nothing in common with the World War II gun except
the model number. The World War I gun used a tipping lock system while the WWII
aircraft gun uses a rotating bolt/lockring. The World War II MG 15 was used in
nearly all Luftwaffe aircraft with a flexible-mount defensive position.
Pitomnik airstrip, in
German Stalingrad pocket, early January, 1943. (2)
It was a modular design with various attachments that could
be quickly attached or removed. Operation was easy and the bolt remained in the
cocked position after expending the 75 round double drum (also called a
"saddle drum") magazine, negating the need to re-cock once a fresh
magazine was installed.
The MG 15 fires from an open bolt, meaning that the bolt
stays back when the gun is ready to fire, and also making it nearly impossible
for "through the propeller" synchronized forward firing on a fuselage
mount. Pulling the trigger releases the bolt and allows it to go forward,
stripping a round from the magazine. The bolt continues pushing the round into
the chamber and locks up when the lockring rotates and locks the bolt and
barrel extension together. At this point the trip lever releases the firing pin
and the gun fires. Recoil pushes the barrel,lock and bolt backwards until the
lockring hits a cam that rotates it unlocking the bolt and barrel. Inertia
carries the bolt backwards until the base of the fired case hits the ejector
flinging the empty out of the receiver. If the trigger is held down the cycle
will continue. If the trigger is released the bolt will remain in the rearward
position.
The 75 rounds of ammunition was evenly distributed in each
side of the magazine with a central feed "tower" where the ammunition
is fed to the bolt. Various methods where used to secure the magazines in the
aircraft, while a carrier of 3 mags each were used on ground. Ammunition was
fed by a spring forced spiral double-drum containing 75 rounds total (not 150
as is often mistaken). This combined with a firing rate of 1000+ rpm means it
could empty the magazine in 4.5 seconds or less. Typical practice was to
provide at least 10 reloads for each gun on the aircraft, not including the
magazine on the gun.
Starting in late 1940 the MG 15 was replaced by the Mauser
7.92 mm MG 81, MG 81Z (twin-MG 81), MG 131 13 mm machine guns, or MG 151/20 20
mm cannons. Many MG 15s were modified for infantry use as heavier weapons
replaced them on Luftwaffe aircraft. There are a number of pictures showing the
guns, both aircraft and ground versions, with 25-round magazines from the MG 13
but the magazines don't actually work with the MG 15. Official numbers of
conversions was about 17,648 by January 1, 1944, although additional
conversions may have been done as well.
The MG 15 was used in the Japanese aircraft as the Type 98
flexible-mounted machine gun and as the Type 1 in the Imperial Japanese Navy.
(83)
 |
|
MG 15 equipped for infantry ops, but lacks the bipod.
|
Specifications
• Calibre:
7.9 +/- .04 mm
• Cartridge:
7.92×57mm Mauser
• Round
weight: 35.5 grams (cartridge 24 grams, bullet 11.5 grams)
• Muzzle
velocity: 755 metres per second (2,480 ft/s)
• Rate of
fire: 1000 (possibly up to 1050) rpm
• Length :
1,078 millimetres (42.4 in) (without attachments)
• Barrel
length: 600 millimetres (24 in)
• Weight
unloaded with gunsight and cartridge bag: 8.1 kg (18 lb)
• Weight
loaded with gunsight and cartridge bag: 12.4 kg (27 lb)
• 75-round
magazine unloaded: 2.27 kg (5.0 lb)
• 75-round
magazine loaded: 4.24 kg (9.3 lb)
• Weight of
the 2-part loader: 0.72 kg (1.6 lb)
 |
|
Debris of a downed Heinkel He 111 along with the barrel of an MG 15.
|
MG 81 machine gun
The MG 81 was a German belt fed 7.92 mm machine gun, used in
flexible installations in World War II Luftwaffe aircraft, replacing the older
drum magazine-fed MG 15.
The MG 81 was developed by Mauser as a derivative of their
successful MG 34 infantry machine gun. Development focus was to reduce production
cost and time and to optimize for use in aircraft. Developed in 1938/1939, it
was in production from 1940 to 1945.
A special twin-mount MG 81Z (the Z suffix stands for
Zwilling, meaning "twin") was introduced in 1942. It paired up two of
the weapons on one mount to provide even more firepower with a maximum rate of
fire of 3200 rounds/minute without requiring much more space than a standard
machine gun.
 |
|
MG 81 (upper) and MG 81Z (in box).
|
Applications
The MG 81Z was found in many unique installations in
Luftwaffe combat aircraft, such as a pair of MG 81Z (for a total of four guns)
installed in the hollow tail cone of the Dornier Do 217. Designated R19 (R for
Rüstsatz) as a factory designed field conversion/upgrade kit, it allowed the
pilot of the Do 217 to shoot at pursuers.
Another application was the Gießkanne (Watering can), an
externally mounted pod with three gun pairs, making a total of six guns and
their ammunition. Able to fire 9000 rounds per minute, this was attached to
Junkers Ju 87 or Ju 88 in an underwing mount and used to strafe ground targets.
(84).
Specifications
MG 81
• Weight:
6.5 kg
• Length:
915 mm (965 mm with flash hider)
• Muzzle
velocity: 705 m/s (sS ammo), 760, 785 or 790 m/s, depending on ammo type
• Rate of
fire: 1400–1600 rpm (sS ammo)
MG 81Z
• Weight:
12.9 kg
• Length:
915 mm (965 mm with flash hider)
• Muzzle
velocity: 705 m/s (sS ammo), 760, 785 or 790 m/s, depending on ammo type
• Rate of
fire: 2800–3200 rpm (sS ammo)
MG FF cannon (85) (86)
 |
| MG FF |
The MG FF was a drum-fed, 20 mm aircraft autocannon,
developed in 1936 by Ikaria Werke Berlin of Germany. It was a derivative of the
Swiss Oerlikon FF F cannon, itself a development of the German World War I
Becker 20 mm cannon, and was designed to be used in fixed or flexible
mountings, as both an offensive and a defensive weapon. It saw widespread use
in those roles by the German Luftwaffe, particularly during the early stages of
World War II, although from 1941 onwards it was gradually replaced by the
Mauser firm's 20 mm MG 151/20.
Compared to rival designs, such as the Hispano-Suiza HS.404
- which had been developed from the larger Oerlikon FF S - the MG FF had some
disadvantages, such as low rate of fire and low muzzle velocity, as well as
limited ammunition storage in its drums. On the other hand, it was much lighter
and shorter. Wing installation on the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw
190 fighters was not easy, as the drum required substantial space, and as a
consequence the ammunition storage was initially reduced to 60 shells per drum.
An ammunition drum of 90-round nominal capacity was developed for the Fw 190
A-5, and retrofitted to some earlier variants. There were also experiments with
belt feedings.
The MG FF was adapted to fire a new type of high-capacity,
high-explosive mine shell, called Minengeschoss that featured a projectile with
thinner walls that allowed increased explosive charge. This projectile was
lighter and generated less recoil than earlier projectiles requiring a
modification of the recoil mechanism. With this modification it could fire the
new mine shell, but accidentally using the heavier MG FF ammo could damage the
gun. The now-called MG FF/M was introduced with the Bf 109 E-4 and Bf 110 C-4
in Summer 1940.
The MG FF and FF/M saw widespread use in fighters such as
the Bf 109 E-3 to F-1, Bf 110 C to F, and Fw 190 A-1 to A-5. The Fw 190 was
typically fitted with an inboard pair of MG 151 and an outboard pair of MG FF,
although the MG FF were sometimes removed in the field in order to save weight.
The cannon was also fitted to bombers such as the Do 217, Ju 88, He 111, Do 17,
as well as many other aircraft. Although the MG FF was often replaced with the
20 mm MG 151/20 from 1941 onwards, it saw a come-back in 1943 as the primary
Schräge Musik gun in the Bf 110 night fighters, as it fit perfectly into the
rear cockpit.
The MG FF fired a 134 g projectile with a muzzle velocity of
some 600 m/s and a rate of fire of about 520 rounds per minute. The MG FF/M
fired a 90 g HE/M (high explosive mine shell) projectile with a muzzle velocity
of c. 700 m/s and a rate of fire of c. 540 rounds per minute. AP, HE and
incendiary projectiles were also available (115 to 117 g projectiles, 585 m/s,
c. 520 rpm) because the mine-shot was not capable of holding incendiary or
tracer parts.
Technical data
• Weight:
26.3 kg
• Length:
1.37 m
• Muzzle
velocity:
•
600 m/s (MG FF),
•
585 m/s (MG FF/M with AP or HE),
•
700 m/s (MG FF/M with mine shell)
• Rate of
fire:
•
520 rpm (MG FF, FF/M with AP or HE),
•
540 rounds per minute (MG FF/M with mine shell)
• Round
types:
•
armor-piercing (AP),
•
high-explosive (HE), incendiary, all with or
without tracer,
•
high-explosive mine shell (HE(M)) (only MG FF/M)
 |
|
MG FF/M as Schräge Musik in the Bf 110.
|
MG 131 machine gun
The MG 131 (shortened from German: Maschinengewehr 131, or
"Machine gun 131") was a German 13 mm caliber machine gun developed
in 1938 by Rheinmetall-Borsig and produced from 1940 to 1945. The MG 131 was
designed for use at fixed, flexible or turreted, single or twin mountings in
Luftwaffe aircraft during World War II.
It was one of the smallest, if not the smallest among the
heavy machine guns, the weight was less than 60% of the M2 Browning or the
Breda 12.7 mm. Despite this, the MG 131 was a rapid fire weapon with an
elevated firepower for its mass. It was equipped with HE rounds. The nearer
equivalent could have been the Ho-103. The other Axis main machine gun, the
Breda 12.7 mm, was around 13 kg heavier and bigger, while slower by at least
150 rpm. The small size of the MG 131 meant the possibility to replace the 7.92
mm machine guns even in the small nose of the Luftwaffe fighters, which was
commonplace from 1943 onwards. This weapon was a marked improvement as the
greater armour protection Allied aircraft received rendered smaller calibers
almost useless. This was especially true when it came to heavy Allied bombers.
It was installed in the Messerschmitt Bf 109, Me 410
Hornisse, Fw 190, Ju 88, Junkers Ju 388, He 111, He 177 Greif bomber, and many
other aircraft. The Fernbedienbare Drehlafette FDL 131Z remotely controlled gun
turret system, used as a forward-mount dorsal turret on the He 177A, used two
MG 131s for dorsal defense, with the experimental Hecklafette HL 131V manned
aircraft tail turret design, meant to be standardized on the never-built A-6
version of the He 177A, was also meant for standardization on many late-war
prototype developments of German heavy bomber airframes such as the separately
developed four engined He 177B and the 1943–44 Amerika Bomber design contender
from Heinkel, the BMW 801E radial-powered Heinkel He 277, both airframes being intended
to use the HL 131V tail turret unit mounting four MG 131s, two guns each
mounted in each of a pair of rotating exterior elevation carriages on either
side of the seated gunner, with horizontal traverse executed by the turret
core's rotation. The design of the turret originated with the Borsig division
of Rheinmetall-Borsig (the manufacturer of the guns themselves) and was a
design with promise, using hydraulic drive to both elevate the turret through a
60º arc of both elevation and depression, with a capability for horizontal
traverse of some 100º to either side, all at a top traverse angular speed of
60º per second. (87) The Hecklafette tail turret design was never produced
beyond a small number of prototype and test examples from 1943 onwards, with
few relics of their existence remaining.
The MG 131 fired electrically primed ammunition in order to
sustain a high rate of fire when shooting through the propeller disc of a
single-engined fighter. A pair of MG 131 machine guns was used as cowl armament
on later models of the Bf 109G (which originally required one blister or Beule
on each side of the fuselage, flanking the upper rear end of the engine, to
house the larger breech of the new gun) and the Fw 190.
 |
|
Maschinengewehr 131
|
Technical data
•
Weight : 16.6 kilograms (37 lb)
•
Length : 1.17 metres (3.8 ft)
•
Muzzle velocity : ~ 750 metres per second (2,500
ft/s)
•
Rate of fire : ~ 900 rounds per minute
•
13 mm API (Pzgr. L'Spur) - 710 m/s, projectile
mass 38.5 grams (594 gr), muzzle energy 989 m/kg (88)
•
13 mm HE-T (Sprgr. L'Spur) - 710 m/s, projectile
mass 34 grams (520 gr) (89)
•
13 mm
HEI-T (Br. Sprgr. L/Spur) - 750 m/s, projectile mass 34 grams (520 gr)
with 1.4 grams (22 gr) PETN + 0.3 grams (4.6 gr) thermite, muzzle energy 975
m/kg. (90)
References
1. http://www.warbirdalley.com/he111.htm
2. http://acepilots.com/german/he111.html
3. "Heinkel
He 111". Network Projects Production, 1993.
4. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 26.
5. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 8
6. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 9
7. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 26
8. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. pp. 9-10.
9. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 28.
10. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 10.
11. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 10
12. "Four-Mile-A-Minute
Transport Plane Carries Ten Passengers." Popular Mechanics, April 1936.
13. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 105.
14. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 14.
15. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 18
16. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 58.
17. Dressel,
Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: DAG Publications,
1994. ISBN 1-85409-140-9. p. 32
18. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 30.
19. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 14
20. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 17
21. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 21
22. Janowicz,
Krzysztof. Heinkel He 111: Volume 1. Lublin, Poland: Kagero. 2004. ISBN
978-83-89088-26-0. pp. 15-16.
23. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 28.
24. Dressel,
Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: DAG Publications,
1994. ISBN 1-85409-140-9. pp. 32-34.
25. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 66.
26. Griehl,
Manfred. Heinkel He 111, Part 1: The Early variants A-G and J of the Standard
Bomber Aircraft of the Luftwaffe in World War II (World War II Combat Aircraft
Photo Archive ADC 004). Ravensburg, Germany: Air Doc, Laub GmbH, Germany, 2006.
ISBN 3-935687-43-5. p. 4
27. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 31.
28. Janowicz,
Krzysztof. Heinkel He 111: Volume 1. Lublin, Poland: Kagero. 2004. ISBN
978-83-89088-26-0. pp. 23.
29. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 12.
30. Warsitz,
Lutz. The First Jet Pilot: The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz
(including early developments and test flights of the Heinkel He 111 fitted
with rocket boosters). London: Pen and Sword Books Ltd., 2009. ISBN
978-1-84415-818-8. p. 41.
31. Warsitz,
Lutz. The First Jet Pilot: The Story of German Test Pilot Erich Warsitz
(including early developments and test flights of the Heinkel He 111 fitted
with rocket boosters). London: Pen and Sword Books Ltd., 2009. ISBN
978-1-84415-818-8. p. 45.
32. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN
978-1-85780-184-2. p. 32.
33. Janowicz, Krzysztof. Heinkel He 111:
Volume 1. Lublin, Poland: Kagero. 2004. ISBN 978-83-89088-26-0. p. 25.
34. Regnat, Karl-Heinz. Black Cross
Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishers, 2004. ISBN
978-1-85780-184-2. p. 71.
35. Janowicz,
Krzysztof. Heinkel He 111: Volume 1. Lublin, Poland: Kagero. 2004. ISBN
978-83-89088-26-0. p. 27.
36. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 87.
37. Wagner,
Ray; Nowarra, Heinz (1971). German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and
History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945. New
York City: Doubleday. p. 290.
38. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 37.
39. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 35.
40. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 34.
41. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 37.
42. Dressel,
Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: DAG Publications,
1994. ISBN 1-85409-140-9. p. 35.
43. Janowicz,
Krzysztof. Heinkel He 111: Volume 1. Lublin, Poland: Kagero. 2004. ISBN 978-83-89088-26-0. p. 42.
44. Dressel,
Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: DAG Publications,
1994. ISBN 1-85409-140-9. p. 36.
45. Janowicz,
Krzysztof. Heinkel He 111: Volume 1. Lublin, Poland: Kagero. 2004. ISBN 978-83-89088-26-0. p. 48.
46. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 94
47. Griehl,
Manfred. Heinkel He 111, Part 2: P and Early H variants of the Standard Bomber
Aircraft of the Luftwaffe in World War II (World War II Combat Aircraft Photo
Archive ADC 007). Ravensburg, Germany: Air Doc, Laub GmbH, Germany, 2006. ISBN
978-3-935687-46-1. pp. 36-37.
48. Griehl,
Manfred. Heinkel He 111, Part 2: P and Early H variants of the Standard Bomber
Aircraft of the Luftwaffe in World War II (World War II Combat Aircraft Photo
Archive ADC 007). Ravensburg, Germany: Air Doc, Laub GmbH, Germany, 2006. ISBN
978-3-935687-46-1. p. 7.
49. Dressel,
Joachim and Manfred Griehl. Bombers of the Luftwaffe. London: DAG Publications,
1994. ISBN 1-85409-140-9. p. 37.
50. Griehl,
Manfred. Heinkel He 111, Part 2: P and Early H variants of the Standard Bomber
Aircraft of the Luftwaffe in World War II (World War II Combat Aircraft Photo
Archive ADC 007). Ravensburg, Germany: Air Doc, Laub GmbH, Germany, 2006. ISBN
978-3-935687-46-1. p. 8.
51. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 81.
52. Punka,
György. Heinkel He 111 in action. Carrolton, Texas: Squadron/Signal
Publications Inc., 2002. ISBN 0-89747-446-5. p. 35.
53. Punka,
György. Heinkel He 111 in action. Carrolton, Texas: Squadron/Signal
Publications Inc., 2002. ISBN 0-89747-446-5. p. 46.
54. Punka,
György. Heinkel He 111 in action. Carrolton, Texas: Squadron/Signal
Publications Inc., 2002. ISBN 0-89747-446-5. pp. 47-48.
55. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 63.
56. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN
978-1-85780-184-2. p. 62.
57. Janowicz, Krzysztof. Heinkel He 111:
Volume 1. Lublin, Poland: Kagero. 2004. ISBN 978-83-89088-26-0. p. 69.
58. Regnat, Karl-Heinz. Black Cross
Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishers, 2004. ISBN
978-1-85780-184-2. p. 73.
59. Janowicz,
Krzysztof. Heinkel He 111: Volume 1. Lublin, Poland: Kagero. 2004. ISBN 978-83-89088-26-0.
pp. 70-71.
60. Mackay,
Ron. Heinkel He 111 (Crowood Aviation Series). Ramsbury, Marlborough,
Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2003. ISBN 1-86126-576-X. p. 167.
61. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 222.
62. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 229.
63. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 63.
64. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 74.
65. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 231.
66. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 77.
67. Cruz,
Gonzala Avila. "Pegqenos and Grandes: Earlier Heinkel He 111s in Spanish
Service". Air Enthusiast, No. 77, September/October 1998, pp. 29–35. ISSN
0143-5450. September/October 1998, pp. 32, 35.
68. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 61.
69. Donald,
David. "An Industry of Prototypes: Heinkel He 119". Wings of Fame,
Volume 12, 1998. Aerospace Publishing Ltd., pp. 30–35. London, UK/AIRtime
Publishing Inc., Westport, Connecticut, 1998. ISBN 1-86184-021-7 /
1-880588-23-4. p. 33.
70. "List
of He 111 survivors." preservedaxisaircraft.com. Retrieved: 10 November
2012.
71. "Kennzeichen ab 1939 -
Verbandskennzeichen". Luftarchiv.de. Retrieved 5 January2013.
72. Simpson,
Andy. "Individual Record: Heinkel He 111 H-20/R1 701152/8471M, accession
record 78/A/1033" (pdf). RAF Museum, 2007. Retrieved: 10 February 2011.
73. Nowarra,
Heinz J. Heinkel He 111: A Documentary History. London: Jane's Publishing.
1980.ISBN 0-7106-0046-1. p. 251.
74. Bridgeman,
Leonard. The Heinkel He 111 H. Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.
London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0. p. 167.
75. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishers,
2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 36.
76. Regnat,
Karl-Heinz. Black Cross Volume 4: Heinkel He 111. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland
Publishers, 2004. ISBN 978-1-85780-184-2. p. 23.
77. MacCarron,
Donald. "Mahaddie's Air Force." FlyPast, September 1999, p. 80.
78. Christopher,
John. The Race for Hitler's X-Planes (The Mill, Gloucestershire: History Press,
2013), p.78.
79. Kay,
Antony (2004). Junkers Aircraft & engines 1913-1945. London: Putnam
Aeronautical Books. pp. 271–2. ISBN 0-85177-985-9.
80. Tsygulev
(1939). Aviacionnye motory voennykh vozdushnykh sil inostrannykh gosudarstv
(Авиационные моторы военных воздушных сил иностранных государств) (in
Russian).Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe voennoe izdatelstvo Narkomata Oborony Soyuza
SSR.
81. Gunston,
Bill (1986). World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Wellingborough: Patrick
Stephens. p. 25.
82. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_VI
83. L.Dv 110
Beschreibung und Bedienungsvorschrift für das M.G. 15, Manual for using MG 15
owned by contributor (may not be correct German spelling)
84. Gordon L
Rottman (20 October 2013). SNAFU Situation Normal All F***ed Up: Sailor,
Airman, and Soldier Slang of World War II. Osprey Publishing. p. 256. ISBN
978-1-78200-175-1.
85. Anthony G.
Williams' "Cannon, Machine Guns and Ammunition"
86. Emmanuel
Gustin's WWII fighter gun performance tables
87. "Kurzbeschreibung
Focke-Wulf Ta 400 Fernkampfflugzeug - Heckstand" (PDF).
cockpitinstrumente.de. Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau, Bremen. October 13, 1943. p. 11. Retrieved January 3,2016.
88. Handbuch der Flugzeug
Bordwaffenmunition 1936 - 1945 p.6
89. MG 131 Waffen-Handbuch, Sept. 1941 p.
17
90. Handbuch der Flugzeug
Bordwaffenmunition 1936 - 1945 p.7
No comments:
Post a Comment